HTML如何设置有效和无效样式？valid和invalid伪类的作用是什么？

使用CSS的:valid和:invalid伪类可为表单元素设置有效和无效样式，结合HTML5验证属性实现即时视觉反馈，提升用户体验并简化验证逻辑。

HTML中设置有效和无效样式，主要通过CSS的

:valid

和

:invalid

这两个伪类来实现。它们允许开发者根据表单元素的内置验证状态，自动为元素应用不同的视觉样式，从而直观地向用户反馈其输入是否符合预设规则。

:valid

伪类匹配那些内容通过浏览器内置验证规则的表单元素，而

:invalid

则匹配那些内容不符合规则的元素。这极大地简化了表单验证的视觉反馈机制，让用户体验更流畅。

解决方案

要为HTML表单元素设置有效和无效样式，核心在于利用CSS选择器结合

:valid

和

:invalid

伪类。这通常应用于

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<p>, 和 </p>
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<p> 等表单控件。</p>
<p>举个例子，假设你有一个电子邮件输入框，并且希望在用户输入有效<span class="wpcom_tag_link"><a href="https://www.chuangxiangniao.com/p/tag/youxiang" title="邮箱" target="_blank">邮箱</a></span>时边框变绿，无效时变红：</p>
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<pre class='brush:html;toolbar:false;'>  <label for="email">邮箱:</label>    <label for="password">密码:</label>  </pre>
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<p>然后，在你的CSS中，你可以这样定义样式：</p>
<p>立即学习“前端免费学习笔记（深入）”；</p>
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<pre class='brush:css;toolbar:false;'>/* 所有input的默认样式 */input {  border: 1px solid #ccc;  padding: 8px;  margin-bottom: 10px;  transition: border-color 0.3s ease; /* 添加过渡效果，让变化更平滑 */}/* 当输入框内容有效时 */input:valid {  border-color: #4CAF50; /* 绿色 */  box-shadow: 0 0 5px rgba(76, 175, 80, 0.5); /* 绿色阴影 */}/* 当输入框内容无效时 */input:invalid {  border-color: #f44336; /* 红色 */  box-shadow: 0 0 5px rgba(244, 67, 54, 0.5); /* 红色阴影 */}/* 特别注意：对于required字段，在用户未输入任何内容（或第一次加载）时，它可能被认为是invalid。   如果你想避免这种情况，只在用户与字段交互后才显示invalid状态，可以结合:not(:placeholder-shown)或JavaScript。   但通常，对于required字段，一开始就显示invalid是可接受的，因为它确实需要用户输入。*/input:invalid:focus { /* 聚焦且无效时 */  outline: none; /* 移除默认焦点轮廓 */  border-color: #d32f2f; /* 更深的红色 */}/* 也可以为特定的input类型设置样式 */input[type="email"]:invalid {  background-color: #ffebee; /* 针对邮箱无效时显示浅红色背景 */}input[type="password"]:valid {  background-color: #e8f5e9; /* 针对密码有效时显示浅绿色背景 */}</pre>
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<p>通过这样的设置，当用户在邮箱输入框中输入一个非邮箱格式的字符串时，边框会自动变为红色；输入有效邮箱后，则变为绿色。密码输入框也是类似，当长度小于6位时显示无效样式，达到6位或以上时显示有效样式。这感觉很棒，省去了很多手动判断和添加/移除类的麻烦。</p>
<h3>何时应该使用:valid和:invalid伪类？</h3>
<p>我个人觉得，</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:valid</pre>
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<p>和</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:invalid</pre>
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<p>伪类在提供即时用户反馈方面简直是神器。它们最适合用于那些依赖HTML5内置验证属性（如</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">required</pre>
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<p>, </p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">type="email"</pre>
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<p>, </p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">type="url"</pre>
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<p>, </p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">pattern</pre>
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<p>, </p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">min</pre>
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<p>, </p>
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<p>, </p>
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<p>, </p>
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<p>等）的表单元素。</p>
<p><strong>使用场景：</strong></p>
<p><strong>即时视觉反馈：</strong> 这是最核心的价值。用户在输入过程中就能看到自己的输入是否符合要求，不需要等到提交表单才发现错误。比如，一个邮箱输入框，当用户输入“abc”时立即变红，输入“abc@example.com”时变绿，这用户体验直接就上去了。<strong>简化客户端验证逻辑：</strong> 对于简单的、基于HTML属性的验证，你可以完全依赖CSS来处理视觉反馈，而无需编写JavaScript代码来监听输入事件并手动添加/移除类。这让代码更简洁，也减少了潜在的bug。<strong>提升用户体验：</strong> 明确的视觉提示能减少用户的困惑和挫败感。用户可以快速修正错误，而不是提交后才看到一个通用的“表单有误”提示。<strong>渐进增强：</strong> 即使JavaScript被禁用，这些基本的验证和视觉反馈依然能工作，因为它们是浏览器原生支持的。</p>
<p><strong>一些思考：</strong>说实话，我有时候会遇到一个小纠结，就是</p>
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<p>字段在页面加载时，如果为空，它会立即被标记为</p>
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<p>。这可能导致一些用户觉得页面一上来就有“错误”。解决这个，你可以结合</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:not(:placeholder-shown)</pre>
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<p>或者更复杂的CSS选择器，或者干脆接受这种行为，毕竟它确实是“无效”的。我通常倾向于让</p>
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<p>字段一开始就显示无效状态，这反而能提醒用户这个字段是必填的。不过，对于那些不是</p>
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<p>但有</p>
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<p>限制的字段，我可能就不会让它在空的时候就显示无效，因为用户还没开始输入呢。</p>
<h3>如何结合JavaScript进行更复杂的表单验证？</h3>
<p>虽然</p>
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<p>和</p>
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<p>伪类对于基于HTML5属性的验证非常强大，但它们也有局限性。很多时候，我们的表单验证逻辑远比“是不是邮箱”或“是不是数字”要复杂。例如，密码强度检查（必须包含大小写字母、数字和特殊字符）、确认密码是否与密码一致、用户名是否已被注册（需要后端请求）、或者某个字段的值依赖于另一个字段。</p>
<p>在这种情况下，JavaScript就成了不可或缺的<span class="wpcom_tag_link"><a href="https://www.chuangxiangniao.com/p/tag/gongju" title="工具" target="_blank">工具</a></span>。</p>
<p><strong>JavaScript的角色：</strong></p>
<p><strong>自定义验证规则：</strong> 这是JS最擅长的。你可以编写任何复杂的逻辑来验证用户输入。<strong>异步验证：</strong> 例如，检查用户名是否已存在，这需要向服务器发送请求，CSS无法做到。<strong>跨字段验证：</strong> 比如“确认密码”字段必须和“密码”字段的值相同。<strong>动态错误消息：</strong> JS可以根据具体的错误类型，显示更详细、更友好的错误提示信息，而不仅仅是改变边框颜色。</p>
<p><strong>结合方式：</strong></p>
<p><strong>使用</p>
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<p>：</strong> 这是HTML5表单验证API的一部分。当你的JavaScript验证失败时，你可以通过</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">inputElement.setCustomValidity('你的错误消息')</pre>
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<p>来将该元素标记为无效，并设置一个自定义的错误消息。当元素被标记为无效时，</p>
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<p>伪类就会被触发。如果验证通过，记得调用</p>
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<p>来清除错误，让元素恢复</p>
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<p>状态。</p>
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<pre class='brush:javascript;toolbar:false;'>const passwordInput = document.getElementById('password');const confirmPasswordInput = document.getElementById('confirmPassword');function validatePassword() {  if (passwordInput.value !== confirmPasswordInput.value) {    confirmPasswordInput.setCustomValidity('两次输入的密码不一致！');  } else {    confirmPasswordInput.setCustomValidity(''); // 清除错误，使其有效  }}passwordInput.addEventListener('input', validatePassword);confirmPasswordInput.addEventListener('input', validatePassword);</pre>
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<p>这样，即使密码不匹配，</p>
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<p>样式也会生效，同时浏览器会显示你设置的自定义错误消息。</p>
<p><strong>手动添加/移除CSS类：</strong> 对于那些不适合使用</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">setCustomValidity()</pre>
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<p>的场景（或者你更喜欢完全控制），你可以在JavaScript中根据验证结果，手动为元素添加或移除</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">.is-valid</pre>
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<p>或</p>
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<p>这样的CSS类。</p>
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<pre class='brush:javascript;toolbar:false;'>/* CSS */.my-input.is-invalid {  border-color: #f44336;}.my-input.is-valid {  border-color: #4CAF50;}/* JavaScript */const usernameInput = document.getElementById('username');usernameInput.addEventListener('blur', async () => { // 失去焦点时验证  const username = usernameInput.value;  if (username.length  setTimeout(() => {    resolve(username === 'admin'); // 假设'admin'已被占用  }, 500));}</pre>
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<p>这种方式给予你最大的灵活性，但代码量会比纯CSS或</p>
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<p>多一些。我通常会倾向于先用HTML5和</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:valid/:invalid</pre>
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<p>解决能解决的，剩下的再交给JS。</p>
<h3>除了:valid和:invalid，还有哪些与表单状态相关的CSS伪类？</h3>
<p>除了</p>
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<p>和</p>
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<p>，CSS还提供了许多其他有用的伪类，它们可以帮助我们根据表单元素的不同状态来应用样式，从而创建更细致、更响应式的用户界面。了解并善用它们，能让你的表单看起来更专业，用户交互也更顺畅。</p>
<p><strong></p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:required</pre>
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<p> 和 </p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:optional</pre>
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<p>：</strong></p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:required</pre>
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<p>：匹配带有</p>
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<p>属性的表单元素。这对于视觉上区分必填字段非常有用，比如给它们添加一个星号或者不同的背景色。</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:optional</pre>
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<p>：匹配不带</p>
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<p>属性的表单元素。这可以用来强调哪些字段是可选的。<strong>用途：</strong> 我经常用</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:required</pre>
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<p>给必填项加个醒目的边框或背景，这样用户一眼就知道哪些是必须填的。</p>
<p><strong></p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:focus</pre>
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<p>：</strong></p>
<p>当元素获得焦点时匹配。这是最常用的伪类之一，用于在用户与输入框交互时提供视觉反馈，比如改变边框颜色、添加阴影或放大字体。<strong>用途：</strong> 几乎所有可交互的表单元素都应该有</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:focus</pre>
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<p>样式，这是一种基本的无障碍性要求，也能显著提升用户体验。</p>
<p><strong></p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:disabled</pre>
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<p>：</strong></p>
<p>匹配被禁用（带有</p>
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<p>属性）的表单元素。这些元素通常是不可编辑或不可点击的。<strong>用途：</strong> 禁用状态的元素通常会变灰，以明确告诉用户它们当前无法操作。</p>
<p><strong></p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:read-only</pre>
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<p>：</strong></p>
<p>匹配只读（带有</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">readonly</pre>
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<p>属性）的表单元素。这些元素可以被用户查看，但不能被修改。<strong>用途：</strong> 和</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:disabled</pre>
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<p>类似，但通常会比禁用状态的元素看起来更“可读”，因为它们的值可能仍然重要。</p>
<p><strong></p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:placeholder-shown</pre>
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<p>：</strong></p>
<p>当输入框显示其</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">placeholder</pre>
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<p>文本时匹配。<strong>用途：</strong> 可以在用户开始输入之前，对占位符文本或输入框本身进行特殊样式处理。比如，我有时会用它来隐藏或改变</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">label</pre>
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<p>的位置，实现一些Material Design风格的输入框效果。</p>
<p><strong></p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:checked</pre>
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<p>：</strong></p>
<p>匹配被选中（如</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">radio</pre>
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<p>按钮或</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">checkbox</pre>
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<p>）的元素。<strong>用途：</strong> 用于自定义单选框和复选框的样式，因为它们的默认样式往往不那么美观，而且跨浏览器一致性差。</p>
<p><strong></p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:in-range</pre>
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<p> 和 </p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:out-of-range</pre>
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</div>
<p>：</strong></p>
<p>适用于有</p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">min</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>和</p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">max</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>属性的数值或日期输入框。</p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:in-range</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>：当值在指定范围内时匹配。</p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:out-of-range</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>：当值超出指定范围时匹配。<strong>用途：</strong> 和</p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">:valid</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>/:invalid`类似，但更专注于数值范围的验证反馈。</p>
<p>这些伪类共同构成了一个强大的CSS工具集，让我们能够以纯CSS的方式，对表单元素的各种状态进行精细化控制。我个人觉得，掌握这些伪类是构建高质量Web表单的基础。它们让前端开发者的生活变得简单，也让最终用户在填写表单时感觉更顺畅、更直观。</p>
<p>以上就是HTML如何设置有效和无效样式？valid和invalid伪类的作用是什么？的详细内容，更多请关注创想鸟其它相关文章！</p>
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                                    <span class="item-meta-li date">2025年12月22日</span>
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                                    <span class="item-meta-li date">2025年12月22日</span>
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                                    <span class="item-meta-li date">2025年12月22日</span>
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                                 HTML name 属性的正确使用与多用途数据管理            </a>
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                                    <span class="item-meta-li date">2025年12月22日</span>
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                                    <span class="item-meta-li date">2025年12月22日</span>
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                                    <span class="item-meta-li date">2025年12月22日</span>
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                        <span class="item-meta-li date">2025年12月22日</span>
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                                    <span class="item-meta-li date">2025年12月22日</span>
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                                    <span class="item-meta-li date">2025年12月22日</span>
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                                    <span class="item-meta-li date">2025年12月22日</span>
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                                    <span class="item-meta-li date">2025年12月22日</span>
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                                    <span class="item-meta-li date">2025年12月22日</span>
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