HTML键盘导航怎么实现_键盘可访问性焦点管理教程

onclick

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<p>、</p>
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<p>。这能省去你大部分的焦点管理工作。</p>
<p><span>立即学习“前端免费学习笔记（深入）”；</p>
<p><strong></p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">tabindex</pre>
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<p> 属性的合理使用：</strong></p>
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<p>：当你有一个非原生可聚焦的元素（比如一个 </p>
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<p>），但你希望它能被Tab键选中时，可以给它设置 </p>
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<p>。它会按照文档流的顺序进入Tab序列。这在创建自定义组件时很常用。</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">tabindex="-1"</pre>
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<p>：这个值意味着元素不能通过Tab键被选中，但可以通过JavaScript的 </p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">element.focus()</pre>
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<p> 方法编程性地获得焦点。这对于在特定情况下需要将焦点移动到某个元素（比如错误信息、模态框内部的特定元素）非常有用，而又不希望它干扰常规的Tab顺序。</p>
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<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">tabindex="正整数"</pre>
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<p>：我个人建议尽量避免使用 </p>
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<p>、</p>
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<p> 这样的正整数值。它们会强制改变Tab键的默认顺序，一旦页面结构发生变化，维护起来简直是噩梦，而且很容易让用户感到困惑。除非你对自己的设计有绝对的把握，并且组件结构非常稳定，否则还是老老实实地让浏览器决定顺序吧。</p>
<p><strong>JavaScript进行高级焦点管理：</strong> 对于复杂的组件，比如模态框、下拉菜单、选项卡（Tabs）、轮播图等，光靠HTML和CSS是不够的。你需要用JavaScript来：</p>
<p><strong>捕获焦点（Focus Tr<span class="wpcom_tag_link"><a href="https://www.chuangxiangniao.com/p/tag/app" title="app" target="_blank">app</a></span>ing）：</strong> 在模态框打开时，确保焦点只在模态框内部循环，而不是跳到模态框后面的页面元素上。<strong>管理内部导航：</strong> 在自定义下拉菜单中，可能需要用上下箭头键来选择列表项。<strong>恢复焦点：</strong> 当模态框关闭后，将焦点返回到触发模态框打开的那个元素上，这样用户就不会“迷失”在页面中。<strong>处理键盘事件：</strong> 监听 </p>
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<p>、</p>
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<p> 事件，根据按键（比如 </p>
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<p> 键关闭模态框，</p>
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<p> 键触发按钮）执行相应的操作。</p>
<p><strong>清晰的视觉焦点指示：</strong> 用户需要明确知道当前哪个元素被选中了。浏览器默认会给可聚焦元素添加一个轮廓（outline），但有时候设计师会为了“美观”而移除它 (</p>
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<p>)。这是个非常糟糕的做法！如果你真的不喜欢默认样式，请务必提供一个自定义的、清晰可见的 </p>
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<p> 样式，比如改变背景色、添加边框或阴影。</p>
<h3>为什么键盘导航对网站无障碍性如此重要？</h3>
<p>键盘导航的重要性，远不止我们通常想象的那么简单。它不仅仅是为那些无法使用鼠标的用户提供便利，更是构建一个包容性、高可用性网站的基石。</p>
<p>首先，<strong>法律合规性</strong>是一个绕不开的话题。全球很多国家和地区都有相关的无障碍性法律法规，比如美国的ADA（Americans with Disabilities Act）和WCAG（Web Content Accessibility Guidelines）。WCAG明确要求所有可交互功能都必须能通过键盘访问。如果你的网站不能满足这些要求，理论上是可能面临法律风险的。</p>
<p>其次，从用户体验的角度来看，键盘导航服务了<strong>广泛的用户群体</strong>。</p>
<p><strong>运动障碍用户：</strong> 这是最显而易见的一类。手部颤抖、肌肉萎缩、脊髓损伤等原因可能导致他们无法精确操作鼠标。键盘是他们与<span class="wpcom_tag_link"><a href="https://www.chuangxiangniao.com/p/tag/diannao" title="电脑" target="_blank">电脑</a></span>交互的主要方式。<strong>暂时性障碍用户：</strong> 比如手腕受伤、鼠标失灵、或者在不方便使用鼠标的环境下（例如在公共交通工具上，空间狭小），键盘就成了唯一的选择。<strong>屏幕阅读器用户：</strong> 盲人或弱视用户依赖屏幕阅读器来朗读页面内容。屏幕阅读器通常通过模拟Tab键来导航可聚焦元素，如果你的网站不能良好地支持键盘导航，那么屏幕阅读器用户将寸步难行。<strong>效率追求者/高级用户：</strong> 很多程序员、数据录入员或者其他对效率有高要求的用户，更喜欢使用键盘快捷键来快速操作，因为这比鼠标点击要快得多。一个支持良好键盘导航的网站，能大大提升他们的工作效率和满意度。</p>
<p>最后，键盘导航也直接关系到<strong>网站的鲁棒性</strong>。一个能够通过键盘完整操作的网站，通常意味着其底层结构更合理、语义化更好，也更容易被搜索引擎抓取和理解。这虽然不是直接的SEO因素，但间接提升了网站的质量。在我看来，忽视键盘导航，就像是只为一部分人开放了大门，而把另一部分人挡在了外面，这在数字时代是说不过去的。</p>
<h3>如何正确使用 </p>
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<p> 属性来控制焦点顺序？</h3><div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px"><pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">tabindex</pre><div class="contentsignin"></div></div><p> 属性是控制键盘焦点顺序的一个强大工具，但它也是一把双刃剑，用不好反而会适得其反。我的经验告诉我，对待 </p>
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<p>，要抱着一种“能不用就不用，非用不可再小心翼翼地用”的态度。</p>
<p><strong>1. </p>
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<p>：让非原生元素可聚焦</strong></p>
<p>这是 </p>
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<p> 最常用且最安全的用法之一。当你有一个 </p>
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<p> 或 </p>
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<p> 元素，它在视觉上看起来像一个按钮或链接，并且你需要它能接收键盘焦点时，就可以给它加上 </p>
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<p>。</p>
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<p>这里 </p>
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<p> 和 </p>
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<p> 也很重要，它们告诉辅助技术这个 </p>
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<p> 的真实作用。设置 </p>
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<p> 后，这个 </p>
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<p> 就会按照它在文档中的自然顺序被Tab键选中。这对于构建自定义组件（比如一个可展开/折叠的面板头部）非常有用。</p>
<p><strong>2. </p>
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<p>：编程性聚焦，但不参与Tab顺序</strong></p>
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<p> 意味着这个元素不能通过Tab键直接选中，但你可以用JavaScript的 </p>
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<p> 方法来强制将焦点设置到它上面。</p>
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<pre class='brush:html;toolbar:false;'><div id="error-message" role="alert" style="color: red">  请输入有效的邮箱地址。</div><button>提交</button></pre>
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<p>当用户提交表单失败时，你可能希望将焦点直接跳到错误信息上，这样屏幕阅读器用户就能立即听到错误内容。</p>
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<pre class='brush:javascript;toolbar:false;'>function submitForm() {  // 假设表单验证失败  const errorMessage = document.getElementById('error-message');  errorMessage.focus(); // 编程性地将焦点设置到错误信息上}</pre>
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<p>这种用法非常适合处理动态内容更新、错误提示、模态框打开后的首个可交互元素，或者将焦点返回到之前的位置。它不会打乱用户的Tab键导航流程，只在特定逻辑下进行焦点转移。</p>
<p><strong>3. 避免使用 </p>
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<p> (如 </p>
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<p>, </p>
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<p>)</strong></p>
<p>说实话，这是我最不推荐的用法。当你给元素设置 </p>
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<p>、</p>
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<p> 等正整数时，它们会脱离文档流的自然顺序，按照数值从小到大的顺序优先获得焦点。</p>
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<pre class='brush:html;toolbar:false;'><!-- 糟糕的实践！ --><button>第二个按钮</button>第三个链接</pre>
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<p>这样做会带来几个严重的问题：</p>
<p><strong>维护困难：</strong> 页面结构一旦调整，你可能需要重新编号所有的 </p>
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<p>，这简直是灾难。<strong>用户困惑：</strong> 用户习惯了Tab键按照视觉顺序或文档流顺序前进，这种跳跃式的焦点顺序会让他们感到非常困惑，不知道下一个焦点会出现在哪里。<strong>无障碍性问题：</strong> 屏幕阅读器通常会按照文档流顺序来朗读内容，而焦点却在乱跳，这会严重破坏用户体验。</p>
<p>如果你的设计需要一个非标准的焦点顺序，那通常意味着你的HTML结构本身可能就不够语义化，或者你的UI设计存在缺陷。我的建议是，先尝试调整HTML元素的物理顺序，让它们在文档流中就符合逻辑上的焦点顺序。如果实在无法通过调整HTML结构来达到目的，再考虑使用JavaScript进行更精细的焦点管理，而不是滥用 </p>
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<p> 的正整数值。保持Tab键的自然流动，对用户来说才是最友好的。</p>
<h3>在复杂组件中，如何通过 JavaScript 管理键盘焦点？</h3>
<p>在构建像模态框、下拉菜单、选项卡（Tabs）、自动完成输入框或自定义日期选择器这类复杂组件时，光靠HTML和CSS往往无法满足无障碍性要求。这时，JavaScript就成了管理键盘焦点的核心工具，它能帮助我们实现更精细、更符合用户预期的交互行为。</p>
<p><strong>1. 模态框（Modal Dialogs）的焦点管理</strong></p>
<p>模态框是键盘焦点管理中最经典的场景之一。</p>
<p><strong>打开时聚焦：</strong> 当模态框打开时，焦点应该立即转移到模态框内部的第一个可交互元素（比如一个关闭按钮或表单输入框）。</p>
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<pre class='brush:javascript;toolbar:false;'>function openModal() {  const modal = document.getElementById('myModal');  modal.style.display = 'block';  const firstFocusableElement = modal.querySelector('button, [href], input, select, textarea, [tabindex="0"]');  if (firstFocusableElement) {    firstFocusableElement.focus();  }  // 存储触发模态框打开的元素，以便关闭时恢复焦点  document.body.dataset.previousFocus = document.activeElement.id || '';}</pre>
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<p><strong>焦点捕获（Focus Trapping）：</strong> 确保当模态框打开时，Tab键的焦点不会跳到模态框后面的页面内容上。这意味着焦点必须在模态框内部循环。这通常需要监听模态框内部的 </p>
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<p> 事件，特别是 </p>
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<p> 键。</p>
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<pre class='brush:javascript;toolbar:false;'>modal.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {  if (e.key === 'Tab') {    const focusableElements = Array.from(modal.querySelectorAll('button, [href], input, select, textarea, [tabindex="0"], [tabindex="-1"]'))                                .filter(el => el.tabIndex !== -1); // 排除tabindex="-1"的元素    const firstFocusable = focusableElements[0];    const lastFocusable = focusableElements[focusableElements.length - 1];    if (e.shiftKey) { // Shift + Tab      if (document.activeElement === firstFocusable) {        lastFocusable.focus();        e.preventDefault();      }    } else { // Tab      if (document.activeElement === lastFocusable) {        firstFocusable.focus();        e.preventDefault();      }    }  }  if (e.key === 'Escape') { // Esc键关闭模态框    closeModal();  }});</pre>
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<p><strong>关闭时恢复焦点：</strong> 当模态框关闭时，焦点应该返回到打开模态框的那个元素上。</p>
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<pre class='brush:javascript;toolbar:false;'>function closeModal() {  const modal = document.getElementById('myModal');  modal.style.display = 'none';  const previousFocusElementId = document.body.dataset.previousFocus;  if (previousFocusElementId) {    const previousFocusElement = document.getElementById(previousFocusElementId);    if (previousFocusElement) {      previousFocusElement.focus();    }  }}</pre>
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<p><strong>2. 自定义组件内部导航（例如下拉菜单、选项卡）</strong></p>
<p>对于自定义的下拉菜单或选项卡组件，用户可能期望使用方向键（上、下、左、右）来导航内部选项，而不是仅仅依靠Tab键。</p>
<p><strong>下拉菜单/列表：</strong></p>
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<pre class='brush:javascript;toolbar:false;'>const dropdownList = document.getElementById('myDropdownList');let currentSelectedIndex = -1; // 跟踪当前选中项dropdownList.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {  const items = Array.from(this.children); // 假设子元素是列表项  if (e.key === 'ArrowDown') {    currentSelectedIndex = (currentSelectedIndex + 1) % items.length;    items[currentSelectedIndex].focus();    e.preventDefault(); // 阻止页面滚动  } else if (e.key === 'ArrowUp') {    currentSelectedIndex = (currentSelectedIndex - 1 + items.length) % items.length;    items[currentSelectedIndex].focus();    e.preventDefault();  } else if (e.key === 'Enter') {    // 模拟点击当前选中项    items[currentSelectedIndex].click();    e.preventDefault();  }});</pre>
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<p>这里，每个列表项可能需要 </p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">tabindex="-1"</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p> 才能被编程性聚焦，而整个下拉列表容器可能需要 </p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">tabindex="0"</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p> 来接收初始焦点。</p>
<p><strong>选项卡（Tabs）：</strong> 使用 </p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">ArrowLeft</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p> 和 </p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">ArrowRight</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p> 键在选项卡之间切换。</p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class='brush:html;toolbar:false;'><div role="tablist">  <button role="tab" id="tab1" aria-controls="panel1">Tab 1</button>  <button role="tab" id="tab2" aria-controls="panel2">Tab 2</button>  <button role="tab" id="tab3" aria-controls="panel3">Tab 3</button></div><div id="panel1" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab1">...</div><div id="panel2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab2" hidden>...</div><div id="panel3" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab3" hidden>...</div></pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>JavaScript会监听 </p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">keydown</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p> 事件，当用户按下左右箭头时，切换 </p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">tabindex</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p> 和 </p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">aria-selected</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p> 属性，并调用 </p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">focus()</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p> 方法。</p>
<p><strong>3. </p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">element.focus()</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p> 和 </p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">event.preventDefault()</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p></strong></p>
<p><strong></p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">element.focus()</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>：</strong> 这是JavaScript中用于将焦点设置到特定元素上的核心方法。确保目标元素是可聚焦的（要么是原生可聚焦，要么设置了 </p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">tabindex="0"</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p> 或 </p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">tabindex="-1"</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>）。<strong></p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">event.preventDefault()</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>：</strong> 在处理键盘事件时，如果你的自定义行为与浏览器默认行为冲突（例如，按下 </p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">Tab</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p> 键时，你希望焦点停留在模态框内而不是跳出），一定要调用 </p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">e.preventDefault()</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p> 来阻止浏览器的默认行为。</p>
<p><strong>4. ARIA属性辅助</strong></p>
<p>除了焦点管理，ARIA（Accessible Rich Internet Applications）属性也至关重要，它们为辅助技术提供了组件的语义信息。</p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">role="dialog"</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>、</p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">role="tablist"</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>、</p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">role="tab"</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>、</p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">role="tabpanel"</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>：定义组件类型。</p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">aria-labelledby</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>、</p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">aria-describedby</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>：将元素与可读文本关联起来。</p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">aria-expanded</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>：表示一个可折叠/展开的元素当前的状态。</p>
<div class="code" style="position:relative;padding:0px;margin:0px">
<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">aria-hidden="true"</pre>
<div class="contentsignin"></div>
</div>
<p>：当元素不可见或不应被辅助技术访问时使用。</p>
<p>总的来说，JavaScript在复杂组件中的焦点管理是一个细致活。它要求开发者深入理解用户行为、键盘交互模式，并结合ARIA属性，才能构建出既功能强大又无障碍的交互体验。这可能需要一些额外的开发成本，但从长远来看，它大大提升了产品的可用性和用户覆盖面。</p>
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